fix: db volume ownership and explicit error handling for write failures

Root cause of the 500 on create/update/delete: the non-root app user in
the Docker container lacked write permission to the volume mount point.
Docker volume mounts are owned by root by default; the app user (added
in a previous commit) could read the database but not write to it.

Fixes:

1. Dockerfile — RUN mkdir -p /app/data before chown so the directory
   exists in the image with correct ownership. Docker uses this as a
   seed when initialising a new named volume, ensuring the app user
   owns the mount point from the start.

   NOTE: existing volumes from before the non-root user was introduced
   will still be root-owned. Fix with:
     docker run --rm -v catalyst-data:/data alpine chown -R 1000:1000 /data

2. server/routes.js — replace bare `throw e` in POST/PUT catch blocks
   with console.error (route context + error) + explicit 500 response.
   Add try-catch to DELETE handler which previously had none. Unexpected
   DB errors now log the route they came from and return a clean JSON
   body instead of relying on the generic Express error handler.

3. server/db.js — wrap the boot init() call in try-catch. Fatal startup
   errors (e.g. data directory not writable) now print a clear message
   pointing to the cause before exiting, instead of a raw stack trace.

TDD: tests written first (RED), then fixed (GREEN). Six new tests in
tests/api.test.js verify that unexpected DB errors on POST, PUT, and
DELETE return 500 with { error: 'internal server error' } and call
console.error with the route context string.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

server/db.js

@@ -134,4 +134,12 @@ export function _resetForTest() {
 
 // ── Boot ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-init(process.env.DB_PATH ?? DEFAULT_PATH);
+const DB_PATH = process.env.DB_PATH ?? DEFAULT_PATH;
+try {
+  init(DB_PATH);
+} catch (e) {
+  console.error('[catalyst] fatal: could not open database at', DB_PATH);
+  console.error('[catalyst] ensure the data directory exists and is writable by the server process.');
+  console.error(e);
+  process.exit(1);
+}